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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
Overexpression of COX2 indicates poor survival in urothelial bladder cancer
Usha Agrawal1, Nitu Kumari2, Pawan Vasudeva3
1National Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi-110029, India; Faculty of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune- 412115, India.
Background:
COX2 is a cyclo-oxygenase enzyme expressed in the tumor cells, inflammatory cells, stromal and non-epithelial cells. The study was conducted to evaluate the expression of COX2 in Urothelial carcinoma and find the association with progression and recurrence.
Methods:
The expression of COX2 was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry.
Results:
Gene expression of COX2 was found to be upregulated >28-fold in urothelial cancer compared to adjacent normal bladder mucosa. Inflammatory cell expression of COX2 was found in 92% cases whereas only 37% cases showed COX2 overexpression in tumor cells. Tumor cell COX2 overexpression was significantly associated with invasion and recurrence.
Conclusion:
COX2 expression is a marker of invasion, recurrence and poor survival and may have a role in predicting the cases which will benefit from additional treatment with COX2 inhibitors in urothelial carcinoma.
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