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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.3K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.4K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.4K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.0K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Structural phase transitions in YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2.

Oliver Janka1, Rolf-Dieter Hoffmann, Birgit Heying

  • 1Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany. pottgen@uni-muenster.de.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
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Summary

New germanides YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2 exhibit structural phase transitions at low temperatures. These transitions, observed via X-ray diffraction, alter their crystal structure, impacting magnetic and thermal properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Rare earth germanides are of interest due to their diverse structural and physical properties.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships in these materials is crucial for developing new functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize new germanides, specifically YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2.
  • To investigate the structural phase transitions of these germanides using temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction.
  • To correlate structural changes with magnetic and thermal properties.

Main Methods:

  • Arc-melting synthesis of YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2 from REGe2 and platinum precursors.
  • Temperature-dependent single crystal X-ray diffraction to analyze crystal structures.
  • Measurements of magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and resistivity to probe phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2 were successfully synthesized and characterized.
  • Both germanides adopt the orthorhombic YIrGe2 type structure (space group Immm) at room temperature.
  • Structural phase transitions were observed below 174 K (YPtGe2) and 145 K (GdPtGe2), leading to modulated low-temperature structures (superspace group Pnnn(1/2,1/2,γ)qq0).
  • Phase transitions were corroborated by anomalies in magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and resistivity data.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized germanides YPtGe2 and GdPtGe2 undergo structural phase transitions.
  • The observed transitions involve modulation of the high-temperature orthorhombic structure.
  • The study provides insights into the interplay between crystal structure and physical properties in rare earth germanides.