Phase Behavior Controlled by the Addition of Long-Chain n-Alcohols in Systems of Cationic Surfactant/Anionic Polyion...

Phase behavior of surfactants in water may be affected by the addition of a third component, and the present study discusses how long-chain n-alcohols affect phase transitions of systems formed by the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, C₁₆TAB, or its complex salts formed with polyacrylate, C₁₆TAPA₃₀, as well as other previously reported complex salts/water/alcohol systems. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction patterns at small and wide angles and different temperatures was performed for samples containing n-decanol, n-dodecanol, or n-tetradecanol. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also used to study the phase transition. The results allowed us to observe and understand the coexistence of lamellar gel (L_β) and lamellar liquid-crystal (L_α) phases, elucidating the structure of a previously reported mesophase, proposing an alternative assignment. Whereas the chain-melting transition is well-known to be sharp for lipids, we have found that it is broader for C₁₆TAB and C₁₆TAPA in the presence of these n-alcohols. We have investigated the effects of their composition and chain length on the temperature and enthalpy of transition. This elucidates why the addition of n-alcohols with chains slightly shorter than that of the surfactants leads to the formation of an ordered gel-like lamellar phase (L_β). n-Alcohols act as neutral cosurfactants, leading to more packing, and all of the factors converge to a limit situation, associated with a common critical area occupied by each alkyl chain. We compared our results with other mesophase systems from the literature, demonstrating that the same trends of phase behavior occur for complex salts of other polyelectrolytes with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants.