Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

7.7K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
7.7K
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

38.3K
Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
38.3K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

2.8K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
2.8K
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

16.3K
Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
16.3K
The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

6.6K
In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
6.6K
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

60.7K
Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
60.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A framework for quantifying the mechanics of dexterous grasp.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Limb state accounts for differences between motor imagery and action in motor cortex.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Evolutionarily conserved neural dynamics across mice, monkeys, and humans.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Spatially Extensive LFP Correlations Identify Slow-Wave Sleep in Marmoset Sensorimotor Cortex.

eNeuro·2025
Same author

Combatting nonidentifiability to infer motor cortex inputs yields similar encoding of initial and corrective movements.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Intracortical microstimulation in humans: a decade of safety and efficacy.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same journal

Differentiation of cortical areas: effects of free energy minimization with broken symmetry.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Prior exposure to speech rapidly modulates cortical processing of high-level linguistic structure.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Beta bursts in SMA mediate anticipatory muscle inhibition.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Cognitive load modulates the effects of social contexts on facial expression processing.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

The neural mechanisms of aligning spatial perspectives.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
Same journal

Relationships between bilateral tapping skills and brain gray matter volumes: a voxel-based morphometry study.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.4K

Movement Decomposition in the Primary Motor Cortex.

Naama Kadmon Harpaz1, David Ungarish1, Nicholas G Hatsopoulos2,3

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|April 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered how the brain breaks down complex movements into simpler parts. Neural activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) separates actions into acceleration and deceleration phases, revealing a fundamental movement decomposition strategy.

Keywords:
action executionhidden Markov modelmovement decompositionprimary motor cortexsegmentation

More Related Videos

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.8K
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism
13:56

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Published on: November 19, 2014

20.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.4K
Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.8K
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism
13:56

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Published on: November 19, 2014

20.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Complex actions are thought to be composed of elementary movements.
  • The precise structure of movement decomposition and its neural underpinnings are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural representation of movement decomposition in the primary motor cortex (M1).
  • To identify how neural population dynamics relate to the segmentation of complex actions into simpler kinematic components.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling temporal dynamics of neural populations in the primary motor cortex of macaque monkeys during reaching movements.
  • Utilizing a hidden Markov model to analyze neural activity and behavioral segmentation.

Main Results:

  • Neural population activity showed global transitions corresponding to distinct acceleration and deceleration epochs in behavior.
  • These epochs exhibited directional selectivity, indicating a structured decomposition of movement.
  • Individual neurons displayed firing rate modulations and abrupt changes synchronized with these identified kinematic transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The primary motor cortex (M1) distinctly encodes acceleration and deceleration phases of movement.
  • Neural activity patterns reveal a specific strategy for movement decomposition.
  • This approach can be extended to explore hierarchical movement composition across different brain regions.