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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

Published on: February 28, 2014

Aneuploid CTC and CEC.

Peter Ping Lin¹

¹Cytelligen, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. plin@cytelligen.com.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 20, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new SE-iFISH method detects rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and endothelial cells (CECs) by analyzing nucleic acids, proteins, and morphology. This approach identifies genetic variants and aids understanding of cancer metastasis and drug resistance.

Keywords:

aneuploidy circulating rare cells iFISH liquid biopsy molecular diagnostics programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)proteomic and genomic profiling of the single CRC tumor protein p53 (TP53) and CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene mutations whole genome amplification (WGA) and next generation sequencing (NGS) of the single CTC

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Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

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Published on: February 28, 2014

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Published on: May 14, 2019

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Published on: April 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Conventional circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection is limited by cell size and specific biomarkers like EpCAM and cytokeratins (CKs).
Detecting the full spectrum of highly heterogeneous circulating rare cells (CRCs), including CTCs and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), requires a multi-modal approach.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel strategy for comprehensive enrichment and identification of CRCs, independent of cell size and EpCAM expression.
To enable in situ phenotyping, karyotyping, and detection of genetic rearrangements in CRCs.

Main Methods:

A novel strategy integrating subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH) was developed.
SE-iFISH allows for in situ phenotyping of multi-protein expression, chromosome aneuploidy detection, and cytogenetic rearrangement analysis (e.g., ALK gene).
The method avoids hypotonic damage and anti-EpCAM perturbation, and is independent of cell size variation.

Main Results:

SE-iFISH successfully enabled comprehensive detection of aneuploid CTCs and CECs in diverse carcinomas.
Symbolic non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in TP53 and CDKN2A genes were identified in single aneuploid CTCs and CECs, respectively.
The study demonstrated the ability to co-detect CTCs and CECs and perform single-cell molecular profiling.

Conclusions:

SE-iFISH offers a robust method for detecting and characterizing diverse CRCs, including aneuploid CTCs and CECs.
This technology facilitates the identification of genetic alterations and provides insights into CRC biology.
The comprehensive detection of CTCs and CECs is anticipated to advance understanding of tumor angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, progression, and metastasis.