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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease
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Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

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Update on muscle disease.

J Witherick1, S Brady2

  • 1Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. Jonathan.Witherick@nbt.nhs.uk.

Journal of Neurology
|April 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in muscle disease research, particularly in congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD), offer new hope. Genetic diagnostics and therapies are transforming treatment for previously untreatable conditions.

Keywords:
Duchenne muscular dystrophyInclusion body myositisLimb-girdle muscular dystrophyMyasthenia gravisMyopathySpinal muscular atrophy

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X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Muscle diseases encompass a range of debilitating conditions affecting muscle function.
  • Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are significant subtypes with ongoing research.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of muscle disorders is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize key recent advancements in the field of muscle diseases.
  • To highlight progress in diagnostics and therapeutics for genetic muscle disorders.
  • To underscore the impact of genetic research on understanding and treating muscle conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of genetic findings related to congenital myasthenic syndromes and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies.
  • Synthesis of information on emerging diagnostic tools and gene therapies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in identifying genetic causes for CMS and LGMD.
  • New diagnostic techniques offer improved accuracy and earlier detection.
  • Gene therapy approaches show promise for treating previously intractable muscle diseases.
  • Enhanced understanding of muscle disorder pathophysiology guides therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic research is revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of muscle diseases.
  • Recent breakthroughs in gene therapy provide hope for patients with rare genetic muscle disorders.
  • Continued investment in muscle disease research is essential for future therapeutic innovations.