Flow interactions of two- and three-dimensional networked bio-inspired control elements in an in-line arrangement

We present experiments that examine the modes of interaction, the collective performance and the role of three-dimensionality in two pitching propulsors in an in-line arrangement. Both two-dimensional foils and three-dimensional rectangular wings of AR  =  2 are examined. In contrast to previous work, two interaction modes distinguished as the coherent and branched wake modes are not observed to be directly linked to the propulsive efficiency, although they are linked to peak thrust performance and minimum power consumption as previously described (Boschitsch et al 2014 Phys. Fluids 26 051901). In fact, in closely-spaced propulsors peak propulsive efficiency of the follower occurs near its minimum power and this condition reveals a branched wake mode. Alternatively, for propulsors spaced far apart peak propulsive efficiency of the follower occurs near its peak thrust and this condition reveals a coherent wake mode. By examining the collective performance, it is discovered that there is an optimal spacing between the propulsors to maximize the collective efficiency. For two-dimensional foils the optimal spacing of X ^*  =  0.75 and the synchrony of ϕ  =  2π / 3 leads to a collective efficiency and thrust enhancement of 42% and 38%, respectively, as compared to two isolated foils. In comparison, for AR  =  2 wings the optimal spacing of X ^*  =  0.25 and the synchrony of ϕ  =  7 π / 6 leads to a collective efficiency and thrust enhancement of 25% and 15%, respectively. In addition, at the optimal conditions the collective lateral force coefficients in both the two- and three-dimensional cases are negligible, while operating off these conditions can lead to non-negligible lateral forces. Finally, the peak efficiency of the collective and the follower are shown to have opposite trends with increasing spacing in two- and three-dimensional flows. This is correlated to the breakdown of the impinging vortex on the follower wing in three-dimensions. These results can aid in the design of networked bio-inspired control elements that through integrated sensing can synchronize to three-dimensional flow interactions.