Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Compounds Essential to Human Function01:25

Compounds Essential to Human Function

10.5K
The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all physiological processes in the body and are broadly classified into organic and inorganic based on their chemical structures.
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include water, salts, acids, and bases. These compounds are inorganic, i.e., they do not have a carbon-hydrogen bond. Water...
10.5K
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

25.4K
Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
25.4K
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

6.6K
The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
6.6K
Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

15.2K
As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
15.2K
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.9K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
4.9K
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.5K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Treatment resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in lung and ovarian cancer is driven by a targetable TGFβ senescent secretome.

Nature aging·2026
Same author

A Hundred Years of the Chemosensory Synapse: A Tribute to Fernando de Castro.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)·2025
Same author

Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Increases Striatal GDNF and Protects Against Preclinical Parkinsonism.

Journal of neurochemistry·2025
Same author

Genetic map of the carotid body stem cell niche with focus on the O<sub>2</sub>-sensing chemoreceptor cell lineage.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

CTA-based evaluation of carotid body size reveals associations with cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.

Vascular medicine (London, England)·2025
Same author

Membrane progesterone and oestrogen receptors modulate GABAergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex of prepubertal male, but not female, mice.

Experimental physiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

6.4K

HIF-2α is essential for carotid body development and function.

David Macias1, Andrew S Cowburn1,2, Hortensia Torres-Torrelo3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Elife
|April 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) is essential for carotid body (CB) development and function. Loss of HIF-2α in CB glomus cells impairs hypoxia responses, affecting blood pressure, exercise, and glucose.

Keywords:
carotid bodycomputational biologyhypoxiamousesympathetic nervessystems biology

More Related Videos

Measuring Respiratory Function in Mice Using Unrestrained Whole-body Plethysmography
08:51

Measuring Respiratory Function in Mice Using Unrestrained Whole-body Plethysmography

Published on: August 12, 2014

31.6K
Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice
07:51

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

Published on: January 13, 2012

21.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

6.4K
Measuring Respiratory Function in Mice Using Unrestrained Whole-body Plethysmography
08:51

Measuring Respiratory Function in Mice Using Unrestrained Whole-body Plethysmography

Published on: August 12, 2014

31.6K
Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice
07:51

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

Published on: January 13, 2012

21.1K

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian adaptation to oxygen flux involves cellular and physiological mechanisms, including the sympathetic nervous system and carotid body (CB).
  • Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) orchestrate transcriptional responses to hypoxia, interacting synergistically with other adaptive mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental requirement and function of HIF-2α in the carotid body.
  • To elucidate the role of HIF-2α in glomus cell survival and the subsequent physiological consequences of its absence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model to study the developmental necessity of HIF-2α in carotid body glomus cells.
  • Assessed ventilatory responses, arterial pressure regulation, exercise performance, and glucose homeostasis in the absence of HIF-2α.
  • Examined the correlation between glomus cell expansion and mTORC1 activation, and the effect of rapamycin treatment.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated an absolute developmental requirement for HIF-2α for the growth and survival of oxygen-sensitive carotid body glomus cells.
  • Mice lacking HIF-2α in CB glomus cells exhibited impaired ventilatory responses to hypoxia.
  • Observed significant effects on arterial pressure regulation, exercise performance, and glucose homeostasis due to the loss of CB function.
  • Found that glomus cell expansion is correlated with mTORC1 activation and can be inhibited by rapamycin.

Conclusions:

  • HIF-2α plays a critical and indispensable role in the development, growth, and function of the carotid body.
  • The carotid body, regulated by HIF-2α, is crucial for mediating physiological adaptations to hypoxia.
  • Targeting HIF-2α or related pathways like mTORC1 may offer therapeutic avenues for conditions related to hypoxia response.