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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

The semantic Stroop effect is controlled by endogenous attention.

Sachiko Kinoshita¹, Luke Mills¹, Dennis Norris²

¹Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|April 20, 2018

Summary

Semantic retrieval from written words is not fully automatic. Attentional control significantly influences semantic interference effects in the Stroop task, especially when using color names.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

The automaticity of word meaning retrieval is a central debate in cognitive psychology.
The Stroop task is a widely used paradigm to investigate cognitive control and automatic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether the retrieval of meaning from written words is an automatic process that cannot be controlled.
To examine the role of attentional control in modulating semantic interference effects within the Stroop task.

Main Methods:

Utilized oral and manual Stroop tasks with varying proportions of neutral trials (75% vs. 25%).
Measured semantic interference effects using color-related versus color-neutral words.
Employed stimuli including color-associated words and color names not in the response set.

Main Results:

A higher proportion of neutral trials magnified interference from word distractors.
Semantic interference was more robust and amplified by high neutral proportions when using color names (e.g., GREEN) not in the response set.
A weaker semantic Stroop effect was observed with color-associated words (e.g., LEMON) that did not interact with neutral proportion.

Conclusions:

Semantic retrieval in the Stroop task is not fully automatic but is subject to endogenous attentional control.
Attentional control mechanisms play a crucial role in modulating the degree of semantic interference experienced during word processing.