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Related Concept Videos

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Subcellular Fractionation

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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
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Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment
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Observing the cell in its native state: Imaging subcellular dynamics in multicellular organisms.

Tsung-Li Liu1, Srigokul Upadhyayula1,2,3,4, Daniel E Milkie1

  • 1Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel microscopy technique for noninvasive, high-resolution in vivo imaging of subcellular dynamics. The technology reveals cellular phenotypic diversity and adaptation in physiological environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Studying subcellular dynamics requires in vivo imaging within the native cellular environment.
  • High spatiotemporal resolution and minimal stress are crucial for accurate observation of cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a noninvasive imaging technique for observing subcellular dynamics in vivo.
  • To achieve aberration-free, high-resolution volumetric imaging of cells and their surroundings.

Main Methods:

  • Combination of lattice light-sheet microscopy and adaptive optics.
  • Application to large multicellular volumes for in vivo imaging.

Main Results:

  • Successful noninvasive, aberration-free imaging of subcellular processes.
  • Observation of endocytosis, organelle remodeling during mitosis, and cell migration (axons, immune cells, cancer cells).
  • Revealed phenotypic diversity across organisms and developmental stages.

Conclusions:

  • The developed technology enables unprecedented insights into cellular behavior in vivo.
  • Highlights the role of intrinsic cellular variability in adaptation to physiological environments.
  • Potential applications in understanding disease progression and cellular adaptation.