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Characteristics determining host suitability for a generalist parasite.

Bård G Stokke1,2, Irja I Ratikainen3, Arne Moksnes3

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway. bard.g.stokke@ntnu.no.

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Common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) prefer specific host species based on traits like size, habitat, and diet. This research developed a host suitability index for European passerines, revealing a continuum of suitability rather than strict categories.

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Area of Science:

  • Avian ecology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Brood parasitism is influenced by host quality.
  • Common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) are generalist parasites but exhibit host-specific preferences.
  • Understanding host selection is key to parasite-host dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate host species traits influencing common cuckoo selection across Europe.
  • To develop a host suitability index for European passerine species.
  • To analyze the relationship between host traits and cuckoo host races (gens).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three large datasets on cuckoo parasitism rates (Europe, UK, Germany, 1735-2013).
  • Statistical evaluation of host species traits: size, breeding habitat, nestling diet, and nesting strategy.
  • Construction and validation of a novel host suitability index.

Main Results:

  • Consistent preference for intermediate-sized passerine hosts.
  • Preference for species breeding in grasslands/shrublands and feeding nestlings insects.
  • Avoidance of cavity-nesting species.
  • Host suitability forms a continuum, not discrete categories.
  • Species with known cuckoo host races rank highly in suitability.

Conclusions:

  • Host selection by common cuckoos is predictable based on specific, consistent host traits.
  • The developed host suitability index provides a valuable tool for ecological research.
  • The findings highlight the nuanced relationship between parasite adaptation and host availability.