Bias flow rate and ventilation efficiency during adult high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: a lung model study

Bias flow (BF) is essential to maintain mean airway pressure (MAP) and to washout carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the oscillator circuit during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). If the BF rate is inadequate, substantial CO₂ rebreathing could occur and ventilation efficiency could worsen. With lower ventilation efficiency, the required stroke volume (SV) would increase in order to obtain the same alveolar ventilation with constant frequency. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of BF rate on ventilation efficiency during adult HFOV.

The R100 oscillator (Metran, Japan) was connected to an original lung model internally equipped with a simulated bronchial tree. The actual SV was measured with a flow sensor placed at the Y-piece. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) was continuously insufflated into the lung model ([Formula: see text]CO₂), and the partial pressure of CO₂ (PCO₂) in the lung model was monitored. Alveolar ventilation ([Formula: see text]A) was estimated as [Formula: see text]CO₂ divided by the stabilized value of PCO₂. [Formula: see text]A was evaluated by setting SV from 80 to 180 mL (10 mL increments, n = 5) at a frequency of 8 Hz, a MAP of 25 cmH₂O, and a BF of 10, 20, 30, and 40 L/min (study 1). Ventilation efficiency was calculated as [Formula: see text]A divided by the actual minute volume. The experiment was also performed with an actual SV of 80, 100, and 120 mL and a BF from 10 to 60 L/min (10 L/min increments: study 2).

Study 1: With the same setting SV, the [Formula: see text]A with a BF of 20 L/min or more was significantly higher than that with a BF of 10 L/min. Study 2: With the same actual SV, the [Formula: see text]A and the ventilation efficiency with a BF of 30 L/min or more were significantly higher than those with a BF of 10 or 20 L/min.

Increasing BF up to 30 L/min or more improved ventilation efficiency in the R100 oscillator.