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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Cardiomyocyte Maturation Requires TLR3 Activated Nuclear Factor Kappa B.

Conrad P Hodgkinson1, Richard E Pratt1, Imke Kirste1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California, USA.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|April 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway is crucial for cardiomyocyte maturation. Inhibiting TLR3 blocked this process, while activating the pathway enhanced it, revealing its necessity for heart muscle cell development.

Keywords:
Cardiac reprogrammingCardiomyocyte developmentCardiomyocyte maturationInnate immunityMicroRNAsNuclear factor kappa BTLR3

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The maturation of committed cardiac precursor cells into functional cardiomyocytes is a complex process that remains incompletely understood.
  • Identifying key molecular pathways regulating this differentiation is essential for regenerative medicine and understanding cardiac development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in cardiomyocyte maturation.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms, specifically the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), in TLR3-mediated cardiac cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized TLR3 inhibition to assess its impact on cardiomyocyte precursor maturation.
  • Employed techniques to analyze gene expression, sarcomere development, and NFκB localization.
  • Investigated the dependency of TLR3 effects on the RelA subunit of NFκB.

Main Results:

  • TLR3 inhibition prevented the expression of maturation genes and sarcomere formation in committed cardiac precursors.
  • The observed effects of TLR3 on cardiomyocyte maturation were dependent on the RelA subunit of NFκB.
  • NFκB was found to be significantly enriched at the promoters of cardiomyocyte maturation genes under conditions promoting maturation.
  • Activation of the TLR3-NFκB pathway was shown to enhance cardiomyocyte maturation.

Conclusions:

  • The TLR3-NFκB signaling pathway is a critical regulator necessary for the maturation of committed cardiac precursors into adult cardiomyocytes.
  • This pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for promoting cardiac repair and development.