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Covalent Bonds

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When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Co-Translational Insertion of Membrane Proteins into Preformed Nanodiscs

Co-Translational Insertion of Membrane Proteins into Preformed Nanodiscs

Published on: November 19, 2020

Covalently circularized nanodiscs; challenges and applications.

Mahmoud L Nasr¹, Gerhard Wagner¹

¹Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology

|April 21, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs) offer enhanced stability and size control for membrane protein research. These advanced nanodiscs accommodate larger proteins and complexes, expanding nanodisc technology applications.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Structural Biology

Background:

Conventional nanodiscs have limitations in stability and size, restricting the study of large membrane protein complexes.
Advancements in nanodisc technology are crucial for understanding complex biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs).
To discuss the technical challenges in preparing high-quality cNDs.
To review potential new applications of cNDs.

Main Methods:

Preparation of covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs).
Characterization of cND size homogeneity and stability.
Assessment of cND capacity for large membrane proteins and complexes.

Main Results:

cNDs exhibit superior size homogeneity and stability compared to non-circularized nanodiscs.
cNDs can be produced in various sizes up to 80-nm diameter.
Larger cNDs enable the incorporation of significantly larger membrane proteins and complexes.

Conclusions:

Covalent circularization significantly enhances nanodisc technology.
High-quality preparations are essential for realizing the full benefits of cNDs.
cNDs present new opportunities for studying membrane protein structure and function.