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Related Concept Videos

Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal Skin and Melanoma Progression
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Immunohistochemical CD271 expression correlates with melanoma progress in a case-control study.

Patricia Switten Nielsen1, Rikke Riber-Hansen1, Torben Steiniche1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.

Pathology
|April 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

High levels of CD271+Ki-67+MART1+ cells correlate with melanoma recurrence, suggesting they could be therapeutic targets. Loss of epidermal CD271+ keratinocytes may indicate melanoma development, potentially serving as a diagnostic marker.

Keywords:
CD166CD20CD271Cancer stem cellsKi-67immunohistochemistrymelanomametastasisnaevus

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Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Cancer Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive tumor progression and melanoma relapse.
  • Expression of CSC markers in patient samples and their correlation with clinical outcomes remain under-investigated.
  • Elevated tumor cell proliferation is a known indicator of aggressive melanoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between melanoma recurrence and the proliferation of CSCs expressing CD271, CD166, or CD20.
  • To analyze the expression patterns of these CSC markers in nevi, melanomas, and recurrent melanomas.
  • To explore the potential of CSC markers as prognostic and diagnostic tools in melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study matched 30 melanoma patients with relapse to 30 without, based on clinical and pathological features.
  • Immunohistochemical staining (Ki-67/MART1, CD271, CD166, CD20) was performed on paraffin-embedded sections of nevi, primary melanomas, and recurrent melanomas.
  • Image analysis quantified proliferation indices and marker expression levels in tumor areas and epidermis.

Main Results:

  • Higher median dermal proliferation indices for CD271+Ki-67+MART1+ cells were observed in relapsed melanomas compared to controls (211 vs 103, p=0.04).
  • Significant differences in CD271 expression were noted, with higher epidermal CD271+ keratinocytes in nevi (8.8%) versus melanomas (0.98%, p=0.0007).
  • CD20+MART1+ cells were absent in half of melanomas, all nevi, and all relapses.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated CD271+Ki-67+MART1+ cell proliferation is associated with melanoma recurrence, unlike general proliferation indices.
  • The loss of epidermal CD271+ keratinocytes appears crucial for melanoma development and may serve as a diagnostic marker.
  • Targeting CD271+ CSCs presents a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing melanoma relapse.