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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A High Resolution Method to Monitor Phosphorylation-dependent Activation of IRF3
Published on: January 24, 2016
Activation and Polarity Control of PIN-FORMED Auxin Transporters by Phosphorylation
Inês C R Barbosa1, Ulrich Z Hammes2, Claus Schwechheimer2
1Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order.
Abstract:
Auxin controls almost every aspect of plant development. Auxin is distributed within the plant by passive diffusion and active cell-to-cell transport. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters are polarly distributed in the plasma membranes of many cells, and knowledge about their distribution can predict auxin transport and explain auxin distribution patterns, even in complex tissues. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation is essential for PIN activation, suggesting that PIN phosphorylation needs to be taken into account in understanding auxin transport. These findings also ask for a re-examination of previously proposed mechanisms for phosphorylation-dependent PIN polarity control. We provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on PIN regulation by phosphorylation, and discuss possible mechanisms of PIN polarity control in the context of recent findings.
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