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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

173.3K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
173.3K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.5K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.5K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

41.2K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
41.2K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.6K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.6K
Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells01:20

Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells

4.0K
The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
Certain amino acids can exist in a zwitterion state at a...
4.0K
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

58.9K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
58.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells
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Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

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High-Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells with Sm/Ca Bilayer Cathode Buffer.

Ling Peng, Shufen Chen, Wei Huang

    Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
    |April 22, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces samarium/calcium (Sm/Ca) bilayer buffers in polymer solar cells, achieving a 3.98% power conversion efficiency. Optimized buffer layers enhance light absorption and electron extraction for improved device performance.

    Keywords:
    OSCLocalized Surface Plasmon R"esonancePower Conversion EfficiencyAbsorption EfficiencyScattering

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    Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization
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    Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Renewable Energy
    • Organic Electronics

    Background:

    • Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are a promising renewable energy technology.
    • Efficient charge extraction and light absorption are critical for high power conversion efficiency (PCE).
    • Traditional cathode buffer layers (e.g., Al, Ca/Al) have limitations in optimizing device performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the application of Sm/Ca bilayer buffers as a cathode in polymer solar cells.
    • To optimize Sm/Ca buffer layer thicknesses for enhanced device performance.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for performance improvements.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) based solar cells using Sm/Ca bilayer cathodes.
    • Optimization of Sm/Ca buffer layer thicknesses.
    • Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and electromagnetic field analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a high PCE of 3.98% with optimized Sm/Ca buffer layers.
    • Observed enhanced short-circuit current density (J(SC)) of 10.87 mA/cm² and fill factor (FF) of 0.61.
    • SEM, absorption, and electromagnetic field analysis indicated that Sm clusters enhance absorption via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and scattering, while Ca buffers facilitate efficient electron extraction.

    Conclusions:

    • Sm/Ca bilayer buffers significantly improve the performance of P3HT:PCBM solar cells.
    • LSPR and scattering from Sm clusters contribute to enhanced J(SC).
    • Efficient electron extraction, driven by the Ca buffer, leads to a higher FF and overall PCE.