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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Nanocrystals for improved dermal drug delivery.

Olga Pelikh1, Pascal-L Stahr1, Jing Huang2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V
|April 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Smaller nanocrystals enhance dermal penetration of poorly soluble actives. Oleogels and creams are effective vehicles, while hydrogels and penetration enhancers are not suitable for nanocrystal formulations.

Keywords:
Dermal applicationExcipientsNanocrystalsPassive diffusionSizeVehicle

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nanocrystals offer improved solubility and dissolution for poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients.
  • They hold potential for enhancing bioavailability in both oral and topical drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of nanocrystal size on dermal penetration.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of various excipients and vehicles in nanocrystal topical formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Production of nanocrystals with varying sizes.
  • Assessment of dermal penetration of actives from nanocrystal formulations.
  • Evaluation of different excipients and vehicles, including hydrogels, oleogels, and creams.

Main Results:

  • Dermal penetration of actives significantly increased as nanocrystal size decreased.
  • Conventional penetration enhancers showed limited efficacy with nanocrystal formulations.
  • Hydrogels proved unsuitable as vehicles for nanocrystal delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Nanocrystal size is a critical factor for effective dermal penetration.
  • Oleogels and creams are identified as optimal vehicles for topical nanocrystal formulations.
  • Further research into specialized enhancers for nanocrystal delivery may be warranted.