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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the CuIn,GaSe2 Grain Boundaries
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A new method for mapping the three-dimensional atomic distribution within nanoparticles by atom probe tomography

Se-Ho Kim1, Phil Woong Kang2, O Ok Park2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

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Summary

A new method simplifies preparing nanoparticle specimens for atom probe tomography. This technique enables detailed 3D atomic mapping of palladium nanoparticles, advancing understanding of material properties.

Keywords:
Atom probe tomographyElectrophoresisElectroplatingNanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Atom probe tomography (APT) is crucial for 3D atomic analysis.
  • Preparing high-quality specimens, especially for nanoparticles, remains challenging.
  • Existing methods may introduce artifacts or limit correlative microscopy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, reliable method for preparing needle-shaped specimens of nanoparticles for APT.
  • To enable correlative APT and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses.
  • To investigate the feasibility of mapping atomic distribution in freestanding Pd and C-supported Pt nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophoresis of nanoparticles onto a copper substrate.
  • Electrodeposition of a nickel film as an embedding matrix.
  • Focused-ion-beam milling for specimen shaping.
  • Correlative APT and TEM analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of specimens from freestanding palladium nanoparticles.
  • Obtained reliable mass spectra and 3D atom maps for palladium nanoparticles.
  • Observed uneven field evaporation and artifacts in atom probe samples of carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles.
  • Demonstrated the viability of the method for 3D atomic distribution mapping.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrophoresis and electrodeposition method is effective for preparing nanoparticle specimens for APT.
  • The technique facilitates correlative APT and TEM, providing detailed structural and compositional information.
  • While successful for Pd, further optimization is needed for C-supported Pt nanoparticles to mitigate artifacts.