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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants
Published on: June 3, 2022
Spreading of waxy oils on calm water
Ute Brönner1, Øistein Johansen2, Frode Leirvik1
1SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. Box 4762, Torgard, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to provide a simple extension of the much-used gravity spreading model for oil on calm water to account for the spreading behavior of waxy crude oils in cold waters - including the observed retardation and eventual termination of spreading at certain oil film thicknesses. This peculiar behavior is not predicted by traditional spreading models for oil on calm water (i.e. viscous-gravity spreading models), but may occur due to non-Newtonian oil properties caused by precipitation of wax at low temperatures. To clarify the spreading behavior of such oils, SINTEF has conducted a series of laboratory experiments with a range of waxy oil mixtures. The present paper contains analyses of data from these experiments, including favorable comparisons with calculations by a proposed improved surface spreading model.
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