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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale PFO: An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale PFO: An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

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Patent foramen ovale and stroke.

Bruno Miranda1, Ana Catarina Fonseca1, José M Ferro2

  • 1Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology), Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Journal of Neurology
|April 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure is now favored over medical treatment for preventing recurrent cryptogenic strokes, especially in younger adults. Device closure shows good safety, with benefits amplified in specific patient groups.

Keywords:
CardioembolismCryptogenic strokePatent foramen ovaleSecondary preventionStrokeYoung stroke

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is common in cryptogenic strokes, particularly in young adults.
  • Distinguishing pathogenic from incidental PFO is a clinical challenge.
  • The optimal treatment for stroke prevention in PFO patients remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review PFO mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria.
  • To analyze recent evidence on secondary stroke prevention in PFO patients.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PFO closure versus medical management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria for PFO.
  • Analysis of three recent clinical trials and an updated meta-analysis.
  • Assessment of stroke recurrence rates and adverse events post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Recent trials and meta-analysis favor PFO closure over medical treatment for preventing recurrent stroke/TIA.
  • PFO closure demonstrates a favorable safety profile, with minimal increase in transient atrial fibrillation.
  • Benefits of PFO closure are more pronounced in patients with atrial septal aneurysm and large shunts.

Conclusions:

  • PFO closure is a preferred strategy for secondary stroke prevention in select patients.
  • Further research is needed on medical management alternatives, treatment durations, and older patient populations.