SAR study on N²,N⁴-disubstituted pyrimidine-2,4-diamines as effective CDK2/CDK9 inhibitors and antiproliferative...

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are pivotal kinases in cell cycle transition and gene transcription. A series of N²,N⁴-diphenylpyrimidine-2,4-diamines were previously identified as potent CDK2/CDK9 inhibitors. To explore the SAR of this structural prototype, twenty-four novel N²,N⁴-disubstituted pyrimidine-2,4-diamines were designed and synthesized. Among them, twenty-one compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both CDK2/cyclin A and CDK9/cyclin T1 systems, and the most potent CDK2 and CDK9 inhibitors, 3g and 3c, showed IC₅₀ values of 83 nM and 65 nM respectively. Most of these compounds displayed significant inhibition against the tested tumor cell lines in the SRB assay, and in particular, remained active against the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231. Flow cytometer analysis of compounds 2a, 2d and 3b in MDA-MB-231 cells indicated that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Docking studies on compound 3g were performed, which provided conducive clues for further molecular optimization.