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The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
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Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Oral Lichen planus.

L Giannetti1, A M Dello Diago1, E Spinas2

  • 1University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplantation, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Modena, Italy.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
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PubMed
Summary

Oral Lichen planus (OLP), a common condition affecting 1-2% of the population, presents in various forms and can be a premalignant condition. Management focuses on lesion severity, primarily using topical steroids.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is the most common mucosal manifestation of Lichen planus, impacting 1-2% of individuals.
  • It frequently co-occurs with skin lesions (60-70%) but can also manifest solely in the oral cavity (15-25%).
  • Six distinct clinical forms exist, including reticular, plaque, papular, atrophic, vesicles/bullous, and erosive, with the erosive form exhibiting chronic evolution.

Discussion:

  • OLP is considered a potential premalignant condition due to a reported 1% incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma.
  • The etiopathogenesis remains multifactorial, involving genetic factors (e.g., HLA-DR2), T cell-mediated immunologic responses, and infectious agents (e.g., hepatitis C virus, oral microbiota alterations).
  • Bacteria internalization into infiltrating T cells and oral epithelial cells is also implicated.

Key Insights:

  • The diverse clinical presentations of OLP range from asymptomatic reticular forms to severe erosive lesions.
  • Understanding the complex interplay of genetic, immunological, and infectious factors is crucial for OLP management.
  • The potential for malignant transformation necessitates vigilant monitoring and appropriate treatment strategies.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the precise etiopathogenesis of OLP is warranted to develop targeted therapies.
  • Long-term follow-up of OLP patients, particularly those with erosive forms, is essential for early detection of malignant changes.
  • Exploring novel therapeutic approaches beyond corticosteroids may improve outcomes for refractory OLP cases.