Imaging sphenoid diseases

In this review we provide comprehensive analysis of the imaging features of diseases affecting the sphenoid sinus, including a large and heterogeneous spectrum of pathologies such as sinusitis, pseudotumours, bony pathologies, and tumours. Clinical symptomatology related to sphenoid pathologies is often non-specific and patient clinical examination and endoscopic investigations are not definitive; thus, radiological imaging is mandatory for diagnosis. Strengths and limitations of both morphological and functional imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and combined positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have been considered and integrated into a well-defined clinical context in order to recognise specific imaging features and to underline their clinical relevance for an early and accurate diagnosis. An overview of several sphenoid conditions is herein selected with a didactic objective including both common and less common diseases.