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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Force01:06

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Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
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The equilibrium of a two-force body is a particular case that is often encountered in practical applications. A two-force body is a rigid body that is subjected to only two external forces. For such a body to be in equilibrium, the two forces must have the same magnitude, the same line of action, and the opposite direction.
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The Mouse Forced Swim Test
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May the force be with you.

Shinuo Weng1, John B Wallingford1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.

Elife
|April 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coordinated forces from convergent extension and thickening shape embryos. Understanding these processes is vital for explaining how a cell sphere elongates into a complex embryo.

Keywords:
biomechanicsblastopore closureconvergent extensionconvergent thickeningdevelopmental biologyforcegastrulationmolecular biophysicsstem cellsstructural biologyxenopus

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cellular mechanics
  • Embryogenesis

Background:

  • Embryonic development involves complex cellular rearrangements.
  • Convergent extension and convergent thickening are key morphogenetic processes.
  • The interplay of these forces dictates embryonic elongation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the coordination between convergent extension and convergent thickening.
  • To understand how these forces contribute to embryonic elongation from a spherical structure.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the forces generated by convergent extension.
  • Analyzed the forces generated by convergent thickening.
  • Studied the coordination of these two force-generating processes in embryonic development.

Main Results:

  • Identified the critical coordination between convergent extension and thickening.
  • Demonstrated how this coordination drives the transformation of a hollow sphere into an elongated embryo.

Conclusions:

  • The coordinated action of convergent extension and thickening is essential for embryonic elongation.
  • Understanding this interplay is fundamental to developmental biology and embryogenesis.