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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism.   Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members.   If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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SLC9 Gene Family: Function, Expression, and Regulation.

Hua Xu1, Fayez K Ghishan1, Pawel R Kiela1,2

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Comprehensive Physiology
|April 25, 2018
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This summary is machine-generated.

Sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) in the digestive tract are vital for nutrient absorption and maintaining bodily fluid balance. Dysfunctional NHEs are implicated in gastrointestinal diseases, impacting overall health.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The Slc9 family of sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) are crucial for electroneutral Na+/H+ exchange in mammalian digestive organs.
  • These transporters regulate vital physiological processes including transepithelial absorption, intracellular pH, cellular volume, and systemic homeostasis.
  • NHEs also influence other membrane transport systems, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and the intestinal microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cation proton antiporter superfamily, focusing on the eight SLC9A isoforms in the digestive tract.
  • To provide an integrated description of NHE roles across different digestive organs.
  • To discuss regulatory mechanisms, pathological alterations, and the contribution of dysregulated NHE activity to digestive disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) and their isoforms (SLC9A) in the digestive tract.
  • Analysis of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NHEs in various digestive organs.
  • Discussion of regulatory mechanisms and their implications in disease states.

Main Results:

  • NHEs are essential for Na+ and water absorption, pH and volume regulation, and maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance in the gut.
  • NHE activity can be inhibited by intrinsic factors and pathogens in gastrointestinal diseases, contributing to electrolyte imbalance and disease severity.
  • Dysregulated NHE activity is linked to the pathogenesis and progression of various digestive disorders.

Conclusions:

  • The Slc9 family of NHEs plays a multifaceted and critical role in digestive organ function and systemic homeostasis.
  • Understanding NHE regulation and dysregulation in pathological conditions is crucial for addressing gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Further research into NHEs offers potential therapeutic targets for managing digestive disorders.