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Related Concept Videos

The Colonization of Land02:22

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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Clostridium difficile - From Colonization to Infection.

Holger Schäffler1, Anne Breitrück2,3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|April 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a growing health concern, often linked to antibiotic use. While colonization is common, only certain conditions lead to CDI, necessitating targeted therapies beyond antibiotics.

Keywords:
CDIClostridium difficileClostridium difficile infectionasymptomatic colonizationmicrobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, with rising global incidence, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
  • Asymptomatic colonization by C. difficile is prevalent in specific populations, but infection risk varies significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  • To explore C. difficile colonization in the human gut.
  • To identify factors promoting CDI.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on C. difficile pathogenesis, colonization, and risk factors.
  • Analysis of current and emerging therapeutic strategies for CDI.

Main Results:

  • Antibiotic use disrupts gut microbiota, facilitating C. difficile colonization and toxin production, leading to epithelial damage.
  • CDI symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe conditions like pseudomembranous colitis.
  • New treatments, including toxin-neutralizing antibodies and fecal microbial transfer (FMT), highlight the importance of gut microbiota.

Conclusions:

  • While CDI requires treatment, asymptomatic colonization does not.
  • The indigenous gut bacterial composition plays a crucial role in preventing CDI in healthy individuals and in pathogenesis following antibiotic disruption.
  • Understanding colonization and risk factors is key to managing and preventing CDI.