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Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases found in eukaryotes and bacteria. This review summarizes their functions, substrates, regulation, and roles in various diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Calpains are non-lysosomal Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases.
  • They are present in most eukaryotes and bacteria, with 15 isoforms in humans.
  • Calpains are involved in critical cellular processes like proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of calpains.
  • To identify known substrates of calpains.
  • To summarize the regulatory mechanisms and disease involvement of calpains.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of calpain research.
  • Analysis of published data on calpain functions and substrates.
  • Synthesis of information on calpain regulation and pathology.

Main Results:

  • Calpains exhibit widespread tissue expression and diverse physiological roles.
  • Numerous substrates have been identified, highlighting calpain's broad impact.
  • Dysregulation of calpains is implicated in various pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Calpains are essential proteases with significant roles in health and disease.
  • Understanding calpain function and regulation is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • Further research into calpain substrates and pathways will illuminate their involvement in disease.