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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
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Combining Factors That Individually Enhance Memory in Lymnaea.

Ryan Tan, Ken Lukowiak

    The Biological Bulletin
    |April 26, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Combined thermal stress and (-)epicatechin synergistically enhance long-term memory in snails. This combined treatment prolongs memory persistence beyond individual effects, with quercetin impacting thermal stress-induced memory enhancement.

    Keywords:
    CPG, central pattern generatorHSP, heat shock proteinITM, intermediate-term memoryLTM, long-term memoryMT, memory testPW, pond waterTS, training session

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Behavioral Science
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • (-)Epicatechin, a green tea flavonol, and thermal stress individually enhance long-term memory formation in Lymnaea snails.
    • Operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behavior is used to study memory formation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if the combined application of (-)epicatechin and thermal stress synergistically enhances long-term memory retention length.
    • To determine the effect of quercetin, a heat shock protein blocker, on the memory enhancement induced by the combined treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • Snails were trained in operant conditioning paradigms.
    • Treatments included individual application of thermal stress (30 °C for 1 hour) and (-)epicatechin, as well as their combination.
    • Quercetin was administered to assess its role as a heat shock protein blocker.

    Main Results:

    • The combination of (-)epicatechin and thermal stress demonstrated a synergistic memory-enhancing effect, leading to longer memory persistence than individual treatments.
    • Quercetin did not diminish the memory enhancement from (-)epicatechin but did reduce the enhancement from thermal stress and the combined treatment.
    • Quercetin also decreased memory persistence in snails exposed to both thermal stress and (-)epicatechin.

    Conclusions:

    • Combined thermal stress and (-)epicatechin exhibit a synergistic effect on long-term memory formation and retention in Lymnaea.
    • Heat shock proteins, potentially modulated by quercetin, play a role in thermal stress-induced memory enhancement.
    • Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic memory enhancement is warranted.