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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Label-free Technique for the Spatio-temporal Imaging of Single Cell Secretions
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Behavioral readout of spatio-temporal codes in olfaction.

Edmund Chong1, Dmitry Rinberg1

  • 1Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Understanding the olfactory system

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Sensory Coding

Background:

  • Neural recordings reveal complex spatio-temporal activity patterns in the olfactory system.
  • The functional consequences of this olfactory code and its link to behavior are not fully understood.
  • Emerging evidence indicates behavioral sensitivity to fine spatial and temporal features of the olfactory code.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how spatio-temporal features of the olfactory code contribute to olfactory behavior.
  • To explore the relationship between neural activity patterns and behavioral responses in olfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced neural recording techniques with increasing scale and resolution.
  • Employing modern genetic and optogenetic methods to probe neural circuits.

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  • Analyzing spatio-temporal patterns in neural activity and correlating them with behavioral data.

    • Main Results:

    • Complex spatio-temporal activity patterns identified in the olfactory system.
    • Behavioral sensitivity to specific spatial and temporal features of olfactory stimuli confirmed.
    • Active research area exploring feature combinations and their behavioral impact.

    Conclusions:

    • The link between the spatio-temporal olfactory code and behavior is a critical area of ongoing research.
    • Genetic and optogenetic tools offer promising avenues for elucidating this neural code-behavior relationship.
    • Further investigation is needed to fully understand how olfactory neural codes drive behavior.