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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.6K
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

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Graphene-based biosensors.

Sabine Szunerits1, Rabah Boukherroub1

  • 1Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Université de Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, 59000 Lille, France.

Interface Focus
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graphene-based biosensors offer highly sensitive and rapid detection of disease biomarkers for early medical diagnosis. These advanced biosensors overcome limitations of current technologies, enabling point-of-care testing and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
biosensorsdiagnosticsgraphene

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Reliable analysis of biological molecules is crucial for human health diagnostics and therapy.
  • Non-invasive, rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tests are needed to prevent patient discomfort and improve disease management.
  • Biosensors enable point-of-care diagnosis with high specificity and speed, but achieving picomolar sensitivity for early detection remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in graphene-based biosensors for medical diagnosis.
  • To highlight the advantages of graphene materials in developing sensitive biosensing platforms.
  • To discuss the potential of graphene biosensors for early disease detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on graphene-based biosensors.
  • Analysis of the properties of graphene materials relevant to biosensing.
  • Discussion of applications in medical diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Graphene-based materials show superior performance over other nanomaterials for sensitive biosensor development.
  • Graphene offers enhanced surface loading, excellent conductivity, and tunable optical properties for sensitive detection.
  • Few sensing systems achieve the required picomolar sensitivity for real-time biomarker detection.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene-based biosensors represent a promising advancement for sensitive and early medical diagnosis.
  • The unique properties of graphene facilitate the development of effective biosensing platforms.
  • Further research and development are needed to translate these advanced biosensors into widespread clinical use.