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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia

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Published on: February 17, 2023

Association between smoking and gout: a meta-analysis.

Yongho Jee¹, Christina Jeon², Jae Woong Sull³

¹Department of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.

Clinical Rheumatology

|April 27, 2018

Summary

This meta-analysis examined smoking's link to gout risk. Findings suggest smoking is not significantly associated with gout, despite prior controversial studies. Further research is recommended.

Keywords:

Gout Meta-analysis Smoking

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Published on: January 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Previous research indicates a controversial association between smoking and a reduced risk of gout.
The etiological factors and epidemiological links concerning gout remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a meta-analysis to clarify the association between smoking and the risk of developing gout.
To synthesize evidence from multiple studies to provide a more robust conclusion on the smoking-gout relationship.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and EMBASE databases.
Data from five eligible studies, encompassing over 17.9 million participants, were extracted by two independent reviewers.
Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using both random-effects and fixed-effects models to assess the strength of association.

Main Results:

The meta-analysis revealed no significant association between smoking (ever vs. non-smoker) and gout risk when using a random-effects model (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.67-1.12).
However, a significant association was observed in the fixed-effects model (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.65-0.74), indicating a potential protective effect of smoking.
High heterogeneity (I² = 87.9%) was noted among the included studies.

Conclusions:

The current meta-analysis suggests that smoking may not be directly involved in the risk of gout.
The discrepancy between random-effects and fixed-effects models highlights the impact of heterogeneity and methodological differences in the included studies.
Further high-quality research is necessary to definitively establish the relationship between smoking and gout risk.