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Related Concept Videos

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Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Machines01:19

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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
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Machines: Problem Solving I01:22

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A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
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The mechanical efficiency of a machine is a fundamental concept that describes how effectively a machine can convert input work into output work. According to this concept, the efficiency of a machine is equal to the ratio of the output work to the input work. An ideal machine, meaning a machine that has no energy losses, has an efficiency of one. This implies that the input work and the output work are equal.
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A Y-connected synchronous generator, grounded through a neutral impedance, is designed to produce balanced internal phase voltages with only positive-sequence components. The generator's sequence networks include a source voltage that is exclusively in the positive-sequence network. The sequence components of line-to-ground voltages at the generator terminals illustrate this configuration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation
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Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

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Ex-vivo machine perfusion for kidney preservation.

Matyas Hamar1, Markus Selzner

  • 1Multi Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Machine perfusion offers advanced kidney preservation, improving graft assessment and acceptance for transplantation. Recent findings highlight normothermic perfusion

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Transplantation Surgery
  • Organ Preservation

Background:

  • Static cold storage is the traditional method for kidney preservation.
  • Machine perfusion technologies are emerging as a superior alternative.
  • These methods aim to reduce preservation injury and improve graft viability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in ex-vivo machine-based kidney preservation.
  • To summarize progress in hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion.
  • To discuss the potential of these technologies in kidney transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ex-vivo kidney perfusion technologies.
  • Focus on hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP), normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), and controlled oxygenated rewarming (COR).
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical data from the past year.

Main Results:

  • Ex-vivo machine perfusion demonstrates superiority over static cold storage.
  • Normothermic ex-vivo kidney perfusion has been translated into clinical practice.
  • Prolonged warm perfusion shows promise for improved renal function and reduced injury compared to brief reconditioning.

Conclusions:

  • Machine perfusion is a superior organ preservation strategy.
  • Further optimization of perfusion fluid and machine technology is needed.
  • Research is ongoing to establish standardized protocols and identify optimal indications for kidney transplantation.