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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

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Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b), the...
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones01:09

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

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Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing “e” in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with “one.” In acyclic ketones, the ketonic carbon is given the lowest locant value. For instance, as shown below, a simple five-carbon ketone is named pentan-2-one, instead of pentan-4-one. IUPAC rules also allow the placing of the locant value before the parent name to give an alternate name, 2-pentanone.
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Ketone bodies as epigenetic modifiers.

Hai-Bin Ruan1, Peter A Crawford2,3

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology.

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketosis, a metabolic state, influences cellular function through epigenomic regulation. Recent findings link ketone bodies to histone modifications, impacting gene transcription and cellular responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ketone body metabolism is a crucial physiological process.
  • Ketosis extends beyond alternative fuel provision during carbohydrate restriction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent observations on ketosis coordinating cellular function via epigenomic regulation.
  • To explore the link between ketosis and histone modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific observations and literature.
  • Analysis of covalent modifications to histones (acetylation, methylation, hydroxybutyrylation).

Main Results:

  • Ketosis is linked to histone modifications that regulate chromatin architecture and gene transcription.
  • Regulated genes mediate classical responses to carbohydrate restriction.

Conclusions:

  • Ketone bodies may directly regulate gene expression in vivo through histone modifications.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms and identify contexts where ketosis benefits outweigh risks.