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Related Concept Videos

Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation01:09

Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation

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The empirical rule, also known as the three-sigma rule, allows a statistician to interpret the standard deviation in a normally distributed dataset. The rule states that 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation from the mean, 95% lies within two standard deviations from the mean, and 99.7% lies within three standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, this rule is also called the 68-95-99.7 rule.
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Pigmentation

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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Measurement: Standard Units03:38

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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A standardized method based on pigmented epidermal models evaluates sensitivity against UV-irradiation.

Freia F Schmid1, Florian Groeber-Becker2, Stefanie Schwab3

  • 1Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, Germany.

ALTEX
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new in vitro skin model to study melanin production and its protective effects against UV radiation. This model helps assess the efficacy of skincare products and understand skin conditions.

Keywords:
dermatologyreconstructed human epidermisskin pigmentationefficacy testing

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • In vitro models
  • Skin biology

Background:

  • Melanocytes produce melanin to protect skin from UV radiation.
  • Melanocytes are implicated in skin conditions like vitiligo and psoriasis.
  • An in vitro model of the epidermal-melanin-unit is crucial for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a functional in vitro model of the epidermal-melanin-unit.
  • To develop a new assay for quantifying UV protection.
  • To assess the protective role of melanin against simulated sunlight.

Main Methods:

  • Primary human melanocytes were integrated into an open-source reconstructed epidermis.
  • Models were cultured at the air-liquid interface for 14 days.
  • An UV50 assay was developed to measure UV protection.

Main Results:

  • A differentiated epidermis with basal melanocytes was formed.
  • Melanin transfer to keratinocytes was observed.
  • Melanin content increased upon UV or dihydroxyphenylalanine stimulation.
  • Higher melanin content correlated with increased resilience to simulated sunlight.

Conclusions:

  • The in vitro epidermal-melanin-unit model is functional and relevant for research.
  • The UV50 assay provides a quantitative measure of UV protection.
  • Melanin content is a key factor in skin's resilience to UV radiation.