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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Development and Testing of Species-specific Quantitative PCR Assays for Environmental DNA Applications
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Contrasting spatial, temporal and environmental patterns in observation and specimen based species occurrence data.

James D M Speed1, Mika Bendiksby1, Anders G Finstad1

  • 1Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Plos One
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Species occurrence data in Norway show that while observations are more numerous, specimens offer greater species richness and taxonomic validation. Both data types have biases, impacting ecological inferences and highlighting the need to leverage their complementary strengths.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biodiversity Informatics
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Species occurrence data are crucial for ecological and evolutionary studies.
  • A key distinction exists between validated specimens and error-prone observations.
  • Understanding data biases is vital for accurate ecological inferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the coverage of specimen- and observation-based species occurrence data for land plants in Norway.
  • To identify temporal, spatial, taxonomic, and environmental differences between the two data types.
  • To provide recommendations for optimizing biodiversity data utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 4.8 million species occurrence records from Norway.
  • Comparison of taxonomic richness, temporal, spatial, and environmental distributions.
  • Assessment of data biases related to prolific contributors and species characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Observations (78%) dominate the dataset, but specimens reveal higher species richness.
  • Specimen data are older and collected later in the year.
  • Both data types show spatial biases influenced by human population density and climate, but in different regions.
  • Widespread/invasive species dominate observation data, while taxonomically challenging species are overrepresented in specimen data.

Conclusions:

  • Specimen and observation data exhibit significant differences in coverage and biases.
  • The dominance of observation data may skew inferences about species diversity and distribution.
  • Leveraging the complementary strengths of both data types is essential for robust biodiversity research.