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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Covalent Binding of Antibodies to Cellulose Paper Discs and Their Applications in Naked-eye Colorimetric Immunoassays
Published on: October 21, 2016
Paper waste extracted α-cellulose fibers super-magnetized and chitosan-functionalized for covalent laccase
Gajanan S Ghodake1, Jiwook Yang1, Surendra S Shinde1
1Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Biomedical Campus, Ilsandong-gu, 10326 Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Enormous disposal of paper wastes (PW) causing number of environmental problems. PW is efficiently used to extract multifunctional α-cellulose fibers (αCFs). Thus, αCFs extraction from PW, and functionalization with Fe3O4 and chitosan were successfully performed for immobilization of laccase. Therefore, in this investigation, PW extracted αCFs were tuned with supermagnetic Fe3O4 (M) and functionalized with chitosan (CTA) (M-PW-αCF-CTA). Furthermore, M-PW-αCF-CTA was glutaraldehyde cross-linked for covalent laccase immobilization. The synthesized materials were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, FE-SEM, FE-HR-TEM and VSM analyzes. M-PW-αCF-CTA exhibited magnetic saturation value of 14.72 emu/g. Laccase immobilized on M-PW-αCF-CTA (M-PW-αCF-CTA-Lac) gave 92% of activity recovery and loading capacity of 73.30 mg/g. M-PW-αCF-CTA-Lac showed excellent pH, temperature, and storage stabilities with the exceptional reusability potential. Moreover, M-PW-αCF-CTA-Lac was applied for repeated removal of carcinogenic Direct Red 28 (DR28). Therefore, M-PW-αCF-CTA-Lac is green and economical biocatalyst with extraordinary separation potential can be enforced for environmental pollutants reclamation.
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