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The evolving role of lymphatics in cancer metastasis
Rae H Farnsworth1, Marc G Achen1, Steven A Stacker1
1Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Abstract:
While the link between the lymphatic system and the metastatic spread of cancer is centuries old, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still evolving. Lymphatic vessels provide a route for tumour cells to reach regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is prognostic of distant organ metastasis and poor survival. However, genomic analyses of metastatic cancer now reveal complex patterns of dissemination. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining lymphatics respond to molecular cues from the tumour microenvironment, mediating growth and remodelling of lymphatic vessels at the primary tumour, draining LNs and distant premetastatic niches. Recent studies emphasise that this not only supports metastasis but also influences antitumour immunity. Understanding the complex interactions between tumour cells, the immune system and lymphatics will be essential to inform developing therapeutic and prognostic approaches to cancer.
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