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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis
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Cardiac amyloidosis.

Ana Martinez-Naharro1, Philip N Hawkins1, Marianna Fontana2

  • 1National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|April 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic amyloidosis involves protein buildup in organs, often affecting the heart and impacting survival. Accurate diagnosis of transthyretin or light chain amyloidosis is crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes.

Keywords:
AL amyloidosisATTR amyloidosisCMRcardiac amyloidosisinfiltrative cardiomyopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Systemic amyloidosis is a rare disorder characterized by misfolded protein deposition.
  • Cardiac involvement, leading to infiltrative/restrictive cardiomyopathy, is common and impacts survival.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential due to recent therapeutic advances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in the diagnosis and management of cardiac amyloidosis.
  • To highlight the importance of precise biochemical typing of amyloid deposits.
  • To discuss therapeutic advances for improved prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in cardiac amyloidosis.
  • Focus on diagnostic strategies and therapeutic interventions.
  • Emphasis on biochemical typing of amyloidosis.

Main Results:

  • Cardiac amyloidosis is frequently associated with transthyretin or light chain amyloidosis.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis significantly improves patient prognosis.
  • Recent therapeutic advances offer improved outcomes for patients.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac amyloidosis requires a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis.
  • Precise biochemical typing is critical for guiding treatment decisions.
  • Advances in diagnosis and management offer hope for improved survival and quality of life.