Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

9.2K
There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
9.2K
Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

10.7K
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...
10.7K
Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

98.4K
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
98.4K
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

120.6K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
120.6K
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

3.3K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
3.3K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

9.9K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
9.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanical Contribution of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament to Ankle Stability: 3D Anatomical Finite Element Analysis.

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society·2026
Same author

Rib Cross-Sectional Mineralized Area in Early Pleistocene Hominins: Insights From the Homo antecessor and H. erectus s. l. Fossil Record.

American journal of biological anthropology·2026
Same author

Neural Mechanisms of Bidirectional Visuo-Linguistic Transformation in Interactive Communication.

Human brain mapping·2026
Same author

Secular Changes in Cranial Morphology and Pattern of Sexual Dimorphism in Modern Japanese: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis Using Post-Mortem Computed Tomography Data.

American journal of biological anthropology·2026
Same author

Dogs were widely distributed across western Eurasia during the Palaeolithic.

Nature·2026
Same author

Effect of changes in the arm physical parameters on the minimum torque-change trajectories of human reaching movements.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Computational Reconstruction of Pancreatic Islets as a Tool for Structural and Functional Analysis
07:58

Computational Reconstruction of Pancreatic Islets as a Tool for Structural and Functional Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2022

1.9K

Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy.

Takanori Kochiyama1, Naomichi Ogihara2, Hiroki C Tanabe3

  • 1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.

Scientific Reports
|April 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Early Homo sapiens possessed larger cerebellar hemispheres than Neanderthals, potentially enhancing cognitive abilities and contributing to Neanderthal extinction. This brain difference predates Neanderthal disappearance.

More Related Videos

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
06:02

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

Published on: April 18, 2013

12.2K
Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example
06:18

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Published on: April 18, 2025

850

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Computational Reconstruction of Pancreatic Islets as a Tool for Structural and Functional Analysis
07:58

Computational Reconstruction of Pancreatic Islets as a Tool for Structural and Functional Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2022

1.9K
Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
06:02

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

Published on: April 18, 2013

12.2K
Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example
06:18

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Published on: April 18, 2025

850

Area of Science:

  • Paleoneurology
  • Comparative Neuroanatomy
  • Evolutionary Psychology

Background:

  • Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens coexisted for millennia.
  • Understanding cognitive differences between these hominins is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct and compare the 3D brain shapes of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens.
  • To investigate the relationship between cerebellar volume and cognitive functions in modern humans.
  • To infer potential cognitive and social differences that may have impacted hominin evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Computational neuroanatomy was used to reconstruct 3D brain shapes from fossil evidence.
  • Analysis of behavioral and structural imaging data from living humans was performed.
  • Correlation analysis was conducted between cerebellar volume and cognitive abilities.

Main Results:

  • Early Homo sapiens exhibited larger cerebellar hemispheres and smaller occipital regions compared to Neanderthals.
  • In modern humans, increased cerebellar volume positively correlated with cognitive flexibility, attention, language processing, and memory capacity.
  • The cerebellum's modular structure suggests larger volumes may support enhanced cognitive processing.

Conclusions:

  • Significant neuroanatomical differences, particularly in the cerebellum, existed between early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals.
  • These cerebellar differences may have conferred cognitive advantages to early Homo sapiens.
  • Such advantages could have played a role in the eventual replacement of Neanderthals by early Homo sapiens.