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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Current Density01:21

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Displacement Current01:19

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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Charge and Current01:14

Charge and Current

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Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
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Current Dividers

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In parallel electrical connections, resistors are linked between the same pair of nodes, creating an equal voltage across each resistor. Kirchhoff's current law is applied to these connections, establishing that the sum of currents through these resistors equals the source current. Utilizing Ohm's law, the source current is determined as the product of the source voltage and the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. This relationship simplifies the process of finding the current...
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Time to rethink imaging criteria for early disease detection.

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Trends in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Prospective Cohort Study From the European Reference Network Registry (R-LIVER).

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What contribution can genetics make to predict the risk of Alzheimer's disease?

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Present and future role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Ex Vivo Treatment Response of Primary Tumors and/or Associated Metastases for Preclinical and Clinical Development of Therapeutics
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[Primary sclerosing cholangitis : Current diagnostics and treatment].

T Liwinski1, C Schramm2,3

  • 1I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.

Der Internist
|April 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease with bile duct issues, often linked to inflammatory bowel disease. Early diagnosis and monitoring are crucial due to cancer risks, with liver transplant as the only cure.

Keywords:
CholangiocarcinomaCholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrogradeInflammatory bowel diseasesLiver transplantationUrsodeoxycholic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease with unknown causes.
  • Key features include bile duct strictures and dilatations.
  • PSC is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly pancolitis, in 60-80% of cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PSC.
  • To highlight the increased risk of malignancies in PSC patients.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on cholangiographic findings and exclusion of secondary causes.
  • Interventional endoscopy can manage symptomatic stenoses.
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid is commonly used in Germany, though not FDA-approved.

Main Results:

  • PSC patients face a significantly elevated risk of hepatobiliary malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal cancer.
  • Regular screening and surveillance are essential for early detection of cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Liver transplantation remains the sole curative option for PSC.
  • Ongoing research is needed to understand PSC etiology and develop effective treatments.