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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Malaria and the Microbiome: A Systematic Review.

Matthew M Ippolito1,2, Joshua E Denny3, Charles Langelier4

  • 1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

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The mammalian microbiome impacts malaria dynamics, with gut microbes potentially offering protection against Plasmodium infection and influencing disease severity. Skin microbes may also affect malaria transmission by attracting mosquitoes.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Parasitology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The microbiome plays a role in malaria parasite fitness and transmission in mosquitoes.
  • Emerging research suggests the mammalian microbiome influences malaria dynamics in hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on associations between the mammalian microbiome and malaria.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the interrelationship between malaria and host-associated microbial communities.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review using major scientific databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science).
  • Employed an adapted electronic search algorithm and manual reference list searching.
  • Screened and assessed studies independently, compiling results in a qualitative synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Identified 10 relevant studies demonstrating associations between microbial communities and malaria.
  • Found evidence linking certain intestinal communities to protection against Plasmodium infection and modulated disease severity.
  • Observed that Plasmodium infection acutely alters gut microbial composition in mice and that skin microbes may influence mosquito attraction.

Conclusions:

  • Early research supports a significant relationship between malaria and the microbiome.
  • While evidence is incomplete, observed associations are promising for future research.
  • Microbiome-based malaria studies can be integrated into field research for enhanced understanding and intervention.