Nanoreactors: Strategies to encapsulate enzyme biocatalysts in virus-like particles

Enzyme-mediated biocatalysis is generally more selective and environmentally friendly and requires less energy than chemocatalysis. However, factors such as temperature, acidity and the presence of proteases can negate enzyme activity. Encapsulation in virus-like particles is one promising method to mitigate these difficulties. Encapsulation also can be used to create multi-reaction nanoreactors that increase process efficiency by isolating reaction intermediates. To successfully encapsulate enzymes, a variety of methods involving both non-covalent and covalent interactions have been developed. Here we review promising virus-like particle encapsulation strategies, their advantages and remaining challenges.