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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
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International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

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The latest consensus on antiemetics.

Jørn Herrstedt1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical Oncology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde.

Current Opinion in Oncology
|April 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Updated antiemetic guidelines recommend a combination of serotonin (5-HT)3-receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, and neurokinin (NK)1-receptor antagonists for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Olanzapine is an option for highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) remains a significant challenge despite advances in antiemetic therapies.
  • Newer antiemetics, including neurokinin (NK)1-receptor antagonists like netupitant and rolapitant, have been approved and integrated into clinical guidelines.
  • Current guidelines address CINV management for various chemotherapy regimens, including highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the most recent updates in antiemetic consensus guidelines.
  • To highlight the recommended antiemetic regimens for different chemotherapy types.
  • To identify areas for future research in antiemetic management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current international antiemetic guidelines (MASCC/ESMO, ASCO, NCCN).
  • Analysis of recently approved antiemetic agents and their incorporation into treatment protocols.
  • Discussion of the efficacy and tolerability of existing and potential new antiemetic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Guidelines recommend a combination of a serotonin (5-HT)3-receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and an NK1-receptor antagonist for HEC and carboplatin-based chemotherapy.
  • Olanzapine is recommended as an additional option for cisplatin or anthracycline-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, particularly for nausea.
  • Nausea persists as a significant adverse effect, and the tolerability of agents like olanzapine (sedation) necessitates exploration of alternatives.

Conclusions:

  • Current guidelines provide a robust framework for managing CINV using a multi-drug approach.
  • The addition of olanzapine can improve nausea control but requires careful consideration of side effects.
  • Further research into non-sedating, multi-targeting antiemetics like amisulpride is warranted to address persistent nausea and improve patient tolerability.