Attentional capacities prior to drug exposure predict motivation to self-administer nicotine

Nicotine can enhance attention and attribution of incentive salience to nicotine-associated stimuli. However, it is not clear whether inter-individual differences in attentional capacities prior to any exposure could play a role in vulnerability to nicotine self-administration. We further explored this vulnerability through pre-existing inter-individual differences in attention to a reward-predictive cue in drug-free animals.

A cued version of the Fixed Consecutive Number schedule (FCN16_cue) of reinforcement task was used to assess attention. This task consists in completing a long chain of sequential lever presses to obtain a reward, and examines the rats' ability to pay attention to a cue light that signals its availability. Rats were then trained to self-administer nicotine intravenously (30 μg/kg/0.1 mL). Drug-taking and seeking behaviors were investigated.

Our results showed important inter-individual differences in response for nicotine during the progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. By comparing rats in the lower and upper quartiles of the mean breaking point, we showed that high-motivated rats were also more sensitive to the reinforcing properties of nicotine than low-motivated ones. We found that while both groups did not differ in premature responding in the FCN16_cue task, high-motivated rats were more efficient in taking the cue light into account than low-motivated rats as shown by a higher proportion of optimal chains, indicating a higher level of attention to the reward-predictive cue. Moreover, it was positively correlated with higher motivation for nicotine, a hallmark of nicotine addiction.

These results suggest that higher attention to reward-associated cues prior to drug taking predicts vulnerability to nicotine-reinforcing properties.