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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis

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3He diffusion MRI in human lungs.

Jason C Woods1, Mark S Conradi2

  • 1Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics (Pulmonary Medicine), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5033, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Physics, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|April 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperpolarized 3He gas MRI visualizes lung air spaces and microstructure. This technique accurately detects early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other obstructive lung diseases by measuring restricted diffusion.

Keywords:
COPDDiffusion imagingHyperpolarizedLungsNeonatalPediatricRestricted diffusion

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Physics

Background:

  • Hyperpolarized 3He gas MRI enables imaging of lung air spaces.
  • Lung microstructure can be characterized by imaging restricted gas diffusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize lung microstructure using diffusion-weighted MRI.
  • To assess the sensitivity of this technique for early detection of obstructive lung diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Comparing apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements of 3He at different timescales.
  • Measuring microscopic diffusion anisotropy to determine acinar airway sizes.
  • Utilizing MRI with hyperpolarized 3He gas.

Main Results:

  • The method demonstrated sensitivity to early stages of COPD.
  • Histological validation confirmed the findings.
  • The technique has been applied to various pediatric and adult obstructive lung diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion-weighted MRI with hyperpolarized 3He gas is a sensitive tool for characterizing lung microstructure.
  • This technique is valuable for early diagnosis and monitoring of obstructive lung diseases, including COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.