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Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Age-dependent biologic response to orthodontic forces.

Mani Alikhani1, Michelle Y Chou2, Edmund Khoo3

  • 1Advanced Graduate Education Program in Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass; Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Mass; Consortium for Translational Orthodontic Research, Hoboken, NJ.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
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Summary

Adults show a stronger inflammatory response to orthodontic forces than adolescents, yet experience slower tooth movement. This suggests age impacts biological responses and treatment outcomes in orthodontics.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Immunology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Orthodontic tooth movement is driven by inflammation and osteoclast activity.
  • Increasingly, patients of all ages seek orthodontic treatment.
  • Age-related differences in biological responses to orthodontic forces may influence treatment efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-dependent biologic responses to orthodontic force.
  • To determine if these responses correlate with the rate of tooth movement.

Main Methods:

  • 18 healthy adolescents (11-14 years) and adults (21-45 years) with Class II Division 1 malocclusion underwent canine retraction (50 cN force).
  • Gingival crevicular fluid was analyzed for cytokine (IL-1β, CCL2, TNF-α) and osteoclast markers (RANKL, MMP-9).
  • Pain, discomfort, and canine retraction rates were monitored over 56 days.

Main Results:

  • Both groups showed increased cytokine and osteoclast markers, with greater increases in adults.
  • Adults exhibited significantly slower canine retraction rates compared to adolescents.
  • Adults reported significantly higher levels of pain and discomfort.

Conclusions:

  • Age is a significant factor in the biologic response to orthodontic tooth movement.
  • Adults demonstrate heightened inflammatory and osteoclast activity but paradoxically slower tooth movement.
  • These findings highlight age-related variations in orthodontic treatment response.