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Related Concept Videos

Transfer Function in Control Systems01:21

Transfer Function in Control Systems

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The transfer function is a fundamental concept in the analysis and design of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It offers a concise way to understand how a system responds to different inputs in the frequency domain. It serves as a bridge between the time-domain differential equations that describe system dynamics and the frequency-domain representation that facilitates easier manipulation and analysis.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

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The Concept of Multiple Allelism
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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Smell functions in patients with multiple sclerosis: a prospective case-control study.

S Kandemir, N B Muluk, B Melikoglu

    B-ENT
    |May 1, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Smell function is impaired in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) can help diagnose these smell disorders.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Otolaryngology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease affecting the central nervous system.
    • Smell dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a potential symptom in MS patients.
    • Understanding the impact of MS on olfactory pathways is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate and quantify smell function in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS).
    • To investigate the relationship between MS and olfactory pathway integrity using neuroimaging.
    • To assess the utility of the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) in MS-related smell disorders.

    Main Methods:

    • A case-control study involving 20 MS patients and 20 healthy controls.
    • Smell identification was assessed using the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT).
    • Cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to examine central and peripheral olfactory regions for MS lesions.

    Main Results:

    • MS patients exhibited significantly lower total BSIT scores compared to controls (p<0.05).
    • MS patients showed significantly altered measurements in central olfactory regions, including the corpus amygdala (p<0.05).
    • MS lesions were detected in central olfactory regions (temporal lobe insular gyrus, corpus amygdala), but not in peripheral regions.

    Conclusions:

    • Multiple sclerosis is associated with a significant deterioration in smell function.
    • The Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) is a reliable and accessible tool for diagnosing smell disorders in MS patients.
    • ENT specialists are encouraged to incorporate the BSIT into their diagnostic protocols for patients with suspected olfactory dysfunction due to MS.