Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

601
Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
601
Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

514
Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,
514
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

14.1K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
14.1K
Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

3.0K
In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
3.0K
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

8.2K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
8.2K
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

62.8K
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
62.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonspecific Spondylodiscitis in Adults in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (DACH): Analysis of an Online Survey.

Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie·2026
Same author

Novel 3D-navigated screw corridors for posterior pelvic ring stabilization: a finite element analysis.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society·2026
Same author

Does Baseline Hounsfield Unit Predict Patients' Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Unstable Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Fractures?

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2025
Same author

Long-term outcomes of spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a literature review.

European journal of medical research·2024
Same author

Satisfactory 2-year outcome of minimal invasive hybrid stabilization with double treated screws for unstable osteoporotic spinal fractures.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society·2024
Same author

Risk Factors for Neurologic Deficits in Patients With Spinal Epidural Abscess: An Analysis of One-Hundred-Forty Cases.

Global spine journal·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation
09:12

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

8.9K

Reliability and Agreement of Different Spine Fracture Classification Systems: An Independent Intraobserver and

Miguel Pishnamaz1, Stephan Balosu1, Inez Curfs2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, University of Aachen Medical Center, Germany.

World Neurosurgery
|May 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The AOSpine classification system demonstrated superior reliability for thoracolumbar fractures compared to the Load Sharing Classification (LSC) and Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS). This makes AOSpine the preferred choice for clinical practice in classifying spinal injuries.

Keywords:
AOSpineInterobserverInterraterIntraobserverIntraraterLoad Sharing ClassificationThoracolumbar Injury Classification SystemThoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
05:28

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Published on: April 23, 2021

9.1K
Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents
06:59

Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents

Published on: August 14, 2018

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation
09:12

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

Published on: June 28, 2015

8.9K
A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
05:28

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Published on: April 23, 2021

9.1K
Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents
06:59

Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents

Published on: August 14, 2018

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Orthopedic trauma
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spinal classification systems are crucial for consistent clinical management of thoracolumbar fractures.
  • No single system has achieved universal acceptance, necessitating evaluation of existing methods.
  • Reliability in classification impacts treatment decisions and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the intraobserver and interobserver agreement of three prominent thoracolumbar fracture classification systems.
  • To determine the most reliable system for clinical application in traumatic thoracolumbar injuries.
  • To provide evidence-based guidance for selecting a classification system in practice.

Main Methods:

  • A web-based study evaluating plain radiographs and CT scans of 91 traumatic thoracolumbar fractures (T12-L2).
  • Seven board-certified spine surgeons classified fractures using the Load Sharing Classification (LSC), Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS), and AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System.
  • Intraobserver and interobserver reliability assessed using Cohen's kappa (κ) statistic.

Main Results:

  • The Load Sharing Classification (LSC) showed fair intraobserver (κ=0.26) and interobserver (κ=0.22) reliability.
  • The Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS) demonstrated moderate intraobserver (κ=0.41) but fair interobserver (κ=0.23) reliability.
  • The AOSpine classification exhibited substantial intraobserver (κ=0.71) and interobserver (κ=0.61) agreement for fracture type and moderate agreement for subtypes (κ=0.57/0.48).

Conclusions:

  • The AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System offers superior reliability compared to the LSC and TLICS.
  • The substantial agreement of the AOSpine system supports its utility in clinical practice for thoracolumbar fractures.
  • This study recommends the AOSpine classification for consistent and reliable management of spinal injuries.