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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

10.4K
This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
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SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

9.6K
In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
9.6K
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

14.4K
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
14.4K
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

11.3K

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
11.3K
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
639
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

17.4K
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
17.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Optimization of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing to Assess Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Mice
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Atrial Flutter With Exercise-Induced 1:1 Atrioventricular Conduction.

Ryan Burkhart, Gregg Gerasimon

    The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
    |May 1, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Typical atrial flutter can rarely cause dangerous 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, especially during exercise. Recognizing this rare but serious condition is crucial for preventing hemodynamic compromise in patients with atrial flutter.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Electrophysiology
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Typical atrial flutter is a prevalent atrial tachyarrhythmia.
    • Symptoms are usually linked to the ventricular response rate.
    • Atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction is uncommon but clinically significant.

    Observation:

    • The case involves a patient experiencing exercise-induced 1:1 atrioventricular conduction.
    • This occurred in the context of typical atrial flutter.

    Findings:

    • The study highlights a rare instance of 1:1 atrioventricular conduction during typical atrial flutter.
    • Exercise was identified as a trigger for this conduction pattern.

    Implications:

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  • Prompt recognition of 1:1 atrioventricular conduction in atrial flutter is vital.
  • This condition can rapidly lead to hemodynamic instability.
  • Understanding exercise-induced phenomena is important for patient management.